Douglas Hofstadter

Mogopolo o o Nnang ka Kwa Morago ga Loop

Tshwetso ya ga Douglas Hofstadter mo tseleng ya gagwe ya botlhale e simolotse mo tikologong e tletseng kgatlhego ya saense. O belegilwe kwa New York City ka 1945, mme a godisiwa mo kampaseng ya Stanford University, kwa rraagwe, Robert Hofstadter, morago ga moo a ileng a fenya Moputso wa Nobel mo fisiks. Tlhagiso eno ya ntlha mo go diriseng ka kelotlhoko thuto ya sekolo e ne ya bopa mokgwa wa gagwe wa go akanya ka ditsela tse di farologaneng.

Thuto ya gagwe e ne e bontsha go kopanngwa ga go nepahala le boitlhamedi. Hofstadter o feditse ka tlotla mo dipaleng (mathematics) kwa Stanford ka 1965, mme a ya go ithuta fisiks mo dithutong tsa gagwe tsa maemo a godimo kwa University of Oregon. Kwa, dipatlisiso tsa gagwe tsa bongaka mo Bloch electrons mo ditshimong tsa makenete di ne tsa isa kwa go bonweng ga setshwantsho sa fractal se jaanong se itsiwang jaaka “Hofstadter’s butterfly”. Mo tirong eno, dikgopolo tse di sa bonaleng di ne tsa kopanngwa le botle jo bo bonagalang, e bile tsa bontsha pele dipatlisiso tsa gagwe tsa moragonyana mo dipatereneng le mo go tlhaloganyeng ga tshedimosetso.

Go Tloga mo Fisiks go ya kwa Saenseng ya Kitso

Phetogo ya Hofstadter go tswa mo fisikseng ya dikgopolo go ya kwa saenseng ya kitso e ne e le go fetola ka boikaelelo go tlhaloganya mekgwa ya megopolo ya motho. Ka 1977, o ile a tsena mo lefapheng la saense ya dikhomputara kwa Indiana University, kwa a ileng a simolola lenaneo la dipatlisiso le le neng le tsepamisitse mo go bapiseng mekgwa ya megopolo. O ne a simolola ka go tlhalosa tiro eno jaaka botlhale jwa maiketsetso, mme morago a tsaya lefoko “cognitive science” go gatelela go ithuta kitso ya motho go na le go e kopisa mo metšhining.

Leina la gagwe la go ruta mo yunibesithing le ne le akaretsa go nna porofesara kwa University of Michigan mo dingwageng tsa bo1980, kwa a neng a ruta psychology. Ka 1988, o ne a boela kwa Indiana University, lekgetlo leno e le porofesara wa cognitive science le comparative literature. Kgetho eno e lebedi e ne ya gatelela tumelo ya gagwe mo go kopaneleng ga mafapha, go tloga mo mekgweng ya go bopa ka dikhomputara go ya mo boitlhamelong jwa puo.

Kwa Indiana, o ne a tlhama Fluid Analogies Research Group (FARG), laeboratori e e ineetseng mo go tlhabololeng mekgwa ya go bopa ka dikhomputara ya dikgopolo tsa motho. Maikaelelo a setlhopha e ne e le gore dikgopolo tse di kgonang go feto-fetoga le go kgona go tsamaya jaaka metsi di ka tsosa go tlhama dikaelo tse di bopang ka tshwantshanyo—e leng motheo wa botlhale jwa motho. Ditiro jaaka *Copycat* le *Letter Spirit* di ne tsa bontsha gore metšhene e ka etsisa kgonagalo ya megopolo ya motho, le fa Hofstadter a ne a bua ka metlha ka lekhalo magareng ga kitso ya maiketsetso le ya tlholego.

Tshwantshanyo e le Motheo wa Megopolo

Tiro ya Hofstadter e gatelela gore go tlhama tshwantshanyo ga se fela sedirisiwa sa megopolo, mme ke mokgwa wa yone wa motheo. O bolela gore kitso ya motho e ikaegile ka go lemoga go tshwana mo mafapheng a a farologaneng, go tloga mo puong go ya mo go raraboleng mathata. Kgopolo eno e tsene mo mo kwalong ya gagwe, go akaretsa *Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies*, buka e e kwadilweng mmogo le bafuputsi ba FARG.

Kgatlhego ya gagwe mo puong e tswelela le kwa ntle ga dikgopolo. Hofstadter o fetotse poko le dikanegelo, go akaretsa Pushkin’s *Eugene Onegin* le *La Chamade* ya Françoise Sagan (e bidiwa gape *That Mad Ache*). Ditiro tseno di bontsha pono ya gagwe ya gore phetolo ke tiro ya tshwantshanyo, kwa bokao bo tshwanetseng go tsosolosiwa mo melelwaneng ya puo le setso. Buka ya gagwe ya 1997 *Le Ton beau de Marot* e sekaseka mokgwa ono, e kopanya tshekatsheko le go leka ka boitumelo, jaaka go fetolela poko e le nngwe mo mefuteng e le mentsi.

Ambigrams—mafoko kgotsa dipolelo tse di bolokang bokao fa di lebelelwa go tswa mo maemong a a farologaneng—le tsona di ile tsa mo kgatlha. Buka ya gagwe *Ambigrammi* e bontsha ditlhamo tseno, tse di emelang kgatlhego ya gagwe mo tekatekano, mo go lemogeng, le mo go kgoneng ga matshwao go feto-fetoga. Mo go Hofstadter, ditlhamo tse di ntseng jalo ga se fela tshameka ya mafoko, mme ke diponagalo tse di bonagalang tsa gore bokao bo tlhagelela jang go tswa mo sebopegong.

Boetsho le Tiro e e Tswelelang

Tshusumetso ya Hofstadter e ralala cognitive science, AI, le filosofi, le fa kamano ya gagwe le dipatlisiso tse di tlwaelegileng tsa AI e le e e raraganeng. O kile a nyatsa lefapha ka go tsepama mo mekgweng ya dipalo tsa dipatereneng, a bolela gore ba a palelwa ke go bona se se fetofetogang, se ikaegileng mo maemong, sa megopolo ya motho. Pelaelo ya gagwe mo large language models e tswa mo go ikaegeng ga tsone mo go lemogeng dipaterene go na le go tlhaloganya ka nnete.

Jalo ka molaodi wa Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition ya Indiana University, o tswelela go batlisisa metswedi ya megopolo. Diporojeke tsa jaanong di ikaeletse go tokafatsa mekgwa ya go bopa ka dikhomputara ya tshwantshanyo, mme buka e e tlang, *Toward the Roots of Thought*, e solofetsa go tsenya boteng mo dikakanyong tseno. Go ruta ga gagwe le gone go bontsha maikaelelo ano, ka go kopanya cognitive science le dingwalo le bonono go phepetsa baithuti go sekaseka kitso ya bone ya botlhale.

Kwa ntle ga yunibesithi, dikgopolo tsa Hofstadter di a amana le babadi ba ba akaretsang. *Gödel, Escher, Bach* e ntse e le selo se se tlhomameng mo go ba ba kgatlhegang ke go kopana ga logic, bonono, le kitso. Moputso wa Pulitzer Prize le National Book Award di supa gore buka e e amogelwa thata, le fa Hofstadter a ile a tlhalosa buka e le teko ya go leba dipotso, go na le go neela dikarabo.

Tiro ya gagwe ya moragonyana, *I Am a Strange Loop*, e boela gape mo go dikakanyong tseno, e tlhoma gore kitso e tlhagelela ka dipaterene tse di ipolelang mo boko. Leina la buka le bontsha kgatlhego ya gagwe e e tletseng dingwaga mo sebopegong se se iphetang, kwa ditsamaiso di boeang mo go tsone go tlhama dilo tse di tlhagelelang ka bonako. Kgopolo eno, jaaka bontsi jwa tiro ya gagwe, e laletsa babadi go sekaseka gape melelwane magareng ga mogopolo, metšhene, le bokao.